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中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

　　中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

　　资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

　　由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

　　麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

　　一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

　　此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

　　作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。

　　美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

　　这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。

　　从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

　　两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

　　House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

　　(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

　　The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

　　Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

　　On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

　　On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

　　Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

　　As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

　　But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

　　CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

　　This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

　　Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

　　From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

　　Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

　　The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

玻璃吹制：火焰里的艺术******

　　初冬时节，位于山西省运城市闻喜县的玻璃器皿加工基地里，一派热火朝天的生产景象。经过挑、滚、吹、定等工序，如糖浆般粘稠的玻璃原液在火焰里绽放出千姿百态。

　　成型后的玻璃，还要再经过切、磨、烘、检、洗等流程，一件晶莹剔透的玻璃杯才算制作完成。（王浩庆/文 兰立强/摄）

　　吹制的第一道工序是挑料。工人用挑料杆在玻璃液中轻轻一挑，一团橘黄色的玻璃液便附着在管口。

　　随后，吹制工人将玻璃液吹成灯泡状的小球，随后固定在滚轴上保持形态。这一步骤俗称吹“小泡”。图为初步吹制过后的玻璃“小泡”。

　　在料团成型的基础上再次取料，放入滚料碗中不断转动，滚成圆形，为下一步吹制做好准备。

　　待料团匀称后，吹制工人从挑料杆的另一头将气平缓吹入杆内，同时转动杆体。吹气时间和吹气量是保证产品尺寸的关键，吹气过大会使制品端部过薄，尺寸偏大；反之则端部过厚，尺寸偏小。

　　将吹制后的料团放入模具中，一边吹气一边调整角度。在不停吹气和转动下，使料泡不断胀大，逐渐贴合模具。这一步骤被称作吹“大泡”，对吹制工人的技艺要求较高，通常需要多年的吹制经验才可完成。

　　据工作人员介绍，玻璃在吹制过成中经受了强烈的温度和形状变化，这种变化在玻璃中留下了热应力。热应力会降低玻璃制品的强度和热稳定性。如果直接冷却，很可能在存放、运输和使用过程中破裂。

　　为避免这一问题，玻璃制品在成型后必须进行退火处理。在适当的温度范围内保温或缓慢降温一段时间，减少玻璃中的热应力。

　　玻璃吹制的整个生产流程都需在高温环境下实现。图为工人正使用加热枪烘烤瓶底。

　　等杯子冷却下来，针对杯口处的废料，需按订单尺寸将多余部分进行切割。通常工人会先用玻璃刀割出划痕，紧接着再用火烤，使其自然脱落，确保杯口平滑圆润。

　　图为工人在给玻璃杯进行“烘口”。

　　制作完成的玻璃杯还需进行清洗、检验。图为工人透过光线检查成品。

　　图为工人检查成品。

　　装箱前，工人正清洗玻璃杯。

　　近年来，当地的玻璃制品在市场中越来越走俏，还闯出了国门。

　　（文图：赵筱尘 巫邓炎）